Помощь      Поиск      Участники      Календарь      Новости
 Учебные Материалы      ВАЛтест     Фотогалерея Фотогалерея
 Правила форума      Виртуальные тренажеры      Мемуары


  Reply to this topicStart new topicStart Poll

> (2017) Nanostructured Semiconductor Materials for, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells+
VAL
Дата 15.03.2019 10:42
Quote Post
Offline



Мэтр, проФАН любви... proFAN of love
*****

Профиль
Группа: Администраторы
Сообщений: 37820
Пользователь №: 1
Регистрация: 6.03.2004





(2017) Nanostructured Semiconductor Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Источники:
- http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2017/5323164.pdf
- https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2017/5323164/
- Journal of Nanomaterials, Volume 2017, Article ID 5323164, 31 pages
DOI: 10.1155/2017/5323164

Авторы: Carmen Cavallo, Francesco Di Pascasio, Alessandro Latini, Matteo Bonomo, and Danilo Dini

QUOTE
Abstract

Since O’Regan and Grätzel’s first report in 1991, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) appeared immediately as a promising low-cost photovoltaic technology. In fact, though being far less efficient than conventional silicon-based photovoltaics (being the maximum, lab scale prototype reported efficiency around 13%), the simple design of the device and the absence of the strict and expensive manufacturing processes needed for conventional photovoltaics make them attractive in small-power applications especially in low-light conditions, where they outperform their silicon counterparts. Nanomaterials are at the very heart of DSSC, as the success of its design is due to the use of nanostructures at both the anode and the cathode. In this review, we present the state of the art for both N-type and P-type semiconductors used in the photoelectrodes of DSSCs, showing the evolution of the materials during the 25 years of history of this kind of devices. In the case of -type semiconductors, also some other energy conversion applications are touched upon.


Присоединённое изображение
Присоединённое изображение


--------------------
www.valinfo.ru
Всегда... Always....
Quod licet jovi, non licet bovi!
PMEmail PosterUsers Website
Top
VAL
Дата 13.02.2020 16:57
Quote Post
Offline



Мэтр, проФАН любви... proFAN of love
*****

Профиль
Группа: Администраторы
Сообщений: 37820
Пользователь №: 1
Регистрация: 6.03.2004





QUOTE
1.1. Introduction.

A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is asemiconductor-based photovoltaic device that directly con-verts both artificial and natural (solar) radiation into electriccurrent. In contrast to the conventional systems, where thesemiconductor assumes both the tasks of light absorption andcharge carrier separation and transport, the two functionsare separated in a DSSC. In a conventional DSSC, light isabsorbed by a sensitizer, which is anchored to the surfaceof a wide band gap𝑛-type semiconductor [1]. Often referredto as a Gr ̈atzel cell, this hybrid device was first reported tothe scientific world in 1991 by the seminal publication ofBrian O’Regan and Michael Gr ̈atzel presenting a device madeof sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2with a power conversionefficiency of 7.1% [2]. DSSCs constitute probably the cheapestphotovoltaic technology today available and their efficiencyhas been constantly improved in the last 25 years. Theconfirmed efficiency record is 11.9% [3], achieved by theSharp company.


QUOTE
herefore, this section of the present paper aims atbringing together the various contributions brought about byresearchers to improve the efficiency of the𝑛-type sensitized semiconductors for DSSCs. Moreover, the detailed discussion of the role of band gap,morphology,composition, and doping of𝑛-type semiconductors for the development ofefficient photoanodes will be reported. Several contributions are summarized here with the description of nanostructures (0D, 1D, 2D, 3D, and mesoporous nanostructures) and of the effect of doping of photoanodes materials (mostly TiO2andZnO) on the performances of DSSCs.


--------------------
www.valinfo.ru
Всегда... Always....
Quod licet jovi, non licet bovi!
PMEmail PosterUsers Website
Top
VAL
Дата 13.02.2020 18:02
Quote Post
Offline



Мэтр, проФАН любви... proFAN of love
*****

Профиль
Группа: Администраторы
Сообщений: 37820
Пользователь №: 1
Регистрация: 6.03.2004





QUOTE
1.3. Photoanode Materials for 𝑛-Type DSSC.

The conduction band edge𝐸CBofthephotoanodematerialshould match with that of the excited dye molecules. To effi-ciently collect the photogenerated electrons, the photoanodeshould have high charge carrier mobility.Desirable properties of the material are also the ease topreparation, stability, low-cost, and environmental friendli-ness. These properties are the defining characteristics of anideal photoanode


QUOTE
Полупроводниковые наноструктурированные пленки являются основным ядром фотоанодов DSSCs. Основными проблемами в DSSCs являются процессы рекомбинации заряда и их относительно низкая светопоглощающая способность. Фотоанод выполняет двойную функцию как опоры для сенсибилизатора, так и носителя фотогенерированных электронов от сенсибилизатора к внешней цепи [17]. Фотоанодный материал не должен поглощать видимый свет и должен иметь достаточно высокую площадь поверхности для оптимального поглощения (adsorption). В полупроводниковая терминология, верхняя часть валентной полосы и нижняя часть зоны проводимости называются кромкой полосы валентности и кромкой полосы проводимости соответственно. Энергия края зоны проводимости обозначается как 𝐸CB; аналогично, энергия края валентной зоны обозначается как 𝐸VB. Разность энергий между этими уровнями называется межзонной щелью (𝐸𝑔). Размер этой запрещенной зоны является, пожалуй, самым важным свойством полупроводника, так как он влияет на все важнейшие электронные свойства материала [18]. Край зоны проводимости 𝐸Cb of the photoanode material должен совпадать с краем возбужденных молекул красителя. Для эффективного сбора фотогенерированных электронов фотоанод должен обладать высокой подвижностью носителей заряда. Желательными свойствами материала являются также легкость приготовления, стабильность, низкая стоимость и экологичность. Эти свойства являются определяющими характеристиками идеального фотоанода.


--------------------
www.valinfo.ru
Всегда... Always....
Quod licet jovi, non licet bovi!
PMEmail PosterUsers Website
Top
VAL
Дата 6.03.2020 12:59
Quote Post
Offline



Мэтр, проФАН любви... proFAN of love
*****

Профиль
Группа: Администраторы
Сообщений: 37820
Пользователь №: 1
Регистрация: 6.03.2004





QUOTE
An important issue related to the employment of nanostructured semiconducting cathodes is the determination of the position of the energy levels for the frontier states directly involved in the exchange of photocarriers with the dye-sensitizer in the excited state. Among nanostructured semiconducting cathodes, nickel oxide having nonstoichiometric features is the most important representative of𝑝-type photocathodes due to its intrinsic photoelectroactivity. Other examples of nanostructured photocathodes have been also mentioned in the present review, thus indicating new possible directions of research in the materials science of semiconducting electrodes of 𝑝-type. Also the most important examples of dye-sensitizers for 𝑝-type nanostructured electrodes have been reviewed. The aspects of electronic conjugation, presence of spacers and substituents with peculiar electronic effects, and state of surface immobilization have been briefly considered in the analysis of the most important structural factors of the dye-sensitizers, which control the process of charge photogeneration and injection in the photocathode.


QUOTE
An aspect that has not been considered in depth is the feasibility of the synthesis and purification methods for purposely designed photo-/electrocatalytic systems for 𝑝-type semiconductors. In terms of short-term goals, the main purpose of the development of increasingly efficient 𝑝-DSCs is the achievement of efficiencies comparable to those of the 𝑛-type counterparts in order to produce tandem devices with efficiencies approaching the theoretical limit.


--------------------
www.valinfo.ru
Всегда... Always....
Quod licet jovi, non licet bovi!
PMEmail PosterUsers Website
Top
0 Пользователей читают эту тему (0 Гостей и 0 Скрытых Пользователей)
0 Пользователей:

Topic Options Reply to this topicStart new topicStart Poll